Literature Search Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Literature Search Worksheet EssaySelect a literature search topic relevant to your practice. The topic must be sufficiently delineated in scope without being trivial. You will revisit this article in the Week Five presentation. Possible topics include but are non limited toNon-pharmacological pain relief with childbirthEffects of shift work and fatigue on medication errorsBest practices for pin site care nurse satisfaction in magnet hospitalsAccurate temperature assessment methods in neonatesPain assessment in the cognitively impairedd type II diabetes and fleshinessComplementary and alternative therapies for control of menopausal symptoms Best practices in nurse-led smoking cessation classesThermoregulation in the operating roomBest practices for pain assessment and caution in specified area of practiceComplete the table belowWhich topic did you choose?Thermoregulation in the operating roomWhich trinity databases will you purpose?1.EBSCO host2.Proquest3.GoogleSearch each datab ase, using key words, for relevant research on this subject. What key words did you use in the Search Strategy field? Include all attempts and limitations used to refine your search.1.EBSCO host- operatingroom, temperature regulation2.Proquest- Thermoregulation in the operating room3.Google- Thermoregulation in the operating roomReport the number of citations determine from each database in the number of articles found field.1.EBSCOhost- 22.Proquest- 15023.Google- 185,000Select one article from a peer-reviewed nursing ledger published within the last three yearsor a germinal article which may contain an earlier publication dateand leave the citation in APA format. Horosz, B., Malec-Milewska, M. (2013, January). Inadvertent Intraoperative Hypothermia. Anesthesiology intensifier Therapy, 45(1), 38-043. Retrieved from http//web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3sid=64fddb23-3c98-455f-a30a-67ad87d009dc%40sessionmgr115hid=126 Answer the followi ng questions using your selected research article1 Is this qualitative or quantitative? What is the study pattern? What criteria did you use to determine the study design? It is a Quantitative. In the research there are numbers pool that indicate temperature regulation as variables. The study tests the patients core body temperature in the operating room when they are under anesthesia and with controlling the room temperature during surgery. The criteria I used out of this study were to determine the study design was that numbers were used in this study. The research was using a relationship between variables, the temperature of men vs. women and in addition the time that the person was in the operating room in and under sedation. There was documentation done in a drop of core temperature the longer the person was sedated and in the operating room.2 How did you confirm that the journal you selected was peer-reviewed or germinal?I determined that the journal article was peer-revie wed because I selectedpeer-reviewed form the EBSCO host database and it came from a credited web base. In the publication it also states that it is peer-reviewed.3 Does this research article generate support for evidence-based practice? If not, state why it does not. Please review the critical appraisal guideline on pg. 466-480. It does provide evidence based research, In the article it describes ways of warming to prevent hypothermia in the operating room all based on research to retention patients with warm fluids and warm blankets and monitoring the core temperature of the patient while they are sedated.

Sociology and Psychological Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Sociology and Psychological Prejudice EssayThe following are some of the key definitions and term usanced in this article. Tele-Health, Tele-Medicine, Teaching and Education, Tele-Medicine Information, Hospital Primary Care Networks, E-Readiness, Hard Technologies, Information Communication Technologies Infrastructure, Technology Adaptation, Technology Adoption, Transportation Modality. b) Technology Acceptance clay sculpture (TAM) The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis, 1986, 1989) is an adaptation of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975 Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980).Initially Telemedicine, may be determined or measured by the End-Users willingness to conjoin and utilize a new or adaptation of existing technologies for specific application to telemedicine, in preference to an old technology (Davis, 1989). And later on instruction on a number of inter- and extra-organizational variables, Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, and Cavaye (1997) made a number o f interesting discoveries relative to computing utilization. For them the external components were (a) internal computing support, (b) internal computing training, (c) perplexity support, (d) external computing support, and (e) external computing training.c) Overview of the France healthcare system Modern France has one of theuniversal health care systems in the world and is a leader among European nations. It offers a high quality services and is easily accessible at the same time. In France, every employed individual, regardless of the direct of employment, is covered by a national health insurance plan known as securite sociale (Social Security). The French health care system is in the first place financed by social insurance but at that place is also a significant supplementary insurance. C. 1 Telemedicine dodgings in France.During the 1960s, France experienced significant growth in the use of telephone and radiophone consultations for health care purposes. This growth le d to the creation of the SAMU (Service d? Aide Medical d? Urgence) in 1968 and the SAMUR (Service Mobile d? Urgence et Reanimation), which be important milestones in the history of telemedicine in France. Since the late 1990s to date, France, being one of the co-founder of the European Community, implemented a number of programs that have catapulted France into the forefront of Telemedicine, not only in Europe but worldwide.France has taken many steps to extend telemedicine applications. Given all that France has accomplished in the area of Telemedicine, it is inconceivable that bring forward advancements will be tempered only by advances in medical technology. d) The U. S. healthcare system. Perhaps, driven by the market-oriented economy of the U. S. , the U. S health Care System is a blend of public and private involvement in the delivery of health care services (Shi and Singh, 2004). The health care system in the U.S is financed through (1) Voluntary payers for those who can a fford to pay for health care services (2) A Multi-payer system that includes premiums or general taxes. At this level there are health care insurance services that provide coverage for most employees and their immediate dependants and (3) Government sponsored (Medicare and Medicaid) where many that are under-insured or un-insured rely mainly on this netting to cover basic health care services. D. 1 Telemedicine Systems in the U. S.In the 1970s telemedicine received a tremendous boost from do work space-flight program when Lockheed Missile and Space (now Lockheed Martin) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) doctors demonstrated that they provide health care services to people with severe health problems, but who had difficulties accessing health care services. In 1990, Maritime Health Services (MHS), based in Seattle, Washington, initiated a program that allowed medical officers on board angle trawlers to communicate directly with shore-based physicians as need ed, around the clock (Zundel, 1996).However there are three basic areas of telemedicine that are worthy listing (a) NASAs Telemedicine applications with planetal based applications (b) Telemedicine application in Disaster Response and (c) Telemedicine in the area of Home Health Care. 3. YOUR THOUGHTS RECOMMENDATIONS As per our article, French has better telemedicine service than USA because French takes short time to approval of new technology and USA more focus on efficacy of device while French focus on safety.In rural area of USA, telecommunication and information infrastructure is requiring for success delivery of telemedicine, Georgia State is best example of that. So, in USA, try to engage fast approval of new medical device and technology. Also, some other recommendations are * Teaching health care professionals using appropriate telecommunication systems * enquiry designed with a view to harmonize training schemes or research programs for telemedicine * Raise the special fund to develop telemedicine.* Develop better communication net in rural area and teach people how to use them. * Telemedicine is best way to transfer medical service in rural area and discriminate communities. * Connect all hospitals and allow to access each other patients treatment 4. AREAS OF ADDITIONAL RESEARCH Use of Telemedicine as an extension of a doctors medical practice is more readily accepted in France, where there are no credentialing issues.A doctor may physically be located in Paris while he remotely guides surgical procedures in other parts of France without having to acquire appropriate credentials in that remote area. Credentialing of civilian health care personnel is easily overcome. Further research is necessary in this area. France, and Europe in general, will continue to pull greater strides in the deploying telemedicine application more than the U. S. due in part to the shorter time it takes to approve medical technologies. Further research is necessary in this area.

Emotional risks you face with cosmetic surgery

Emotional risks you face with nonfunctional functioningThe popularity of augmentative performance is expanding more than ever onward and as it booms consistently, a number of psychologists atomic number 18 anticipating the likelihood that they would be dealing with patients who are thinking of or pack undergone a nonfunctional procedure.Cosmetic surgery is gaining steam and some psychologists are concerned with the intellectual effect on patients who go done radical transformations and also on those who dont, that may feel short-staffed as a result.Although drastic alterations are infrequent, some psychologists still plan to probe the upwelling in cosmetic enhancement procedures and whether these surgeries eat up any long-lasting psychological detriments.With the increasing popularity of cosmetic surgery, there are more questions than answers regarding its psychological cause and theres a huge possibility that psychologists will be dealing with these issues on patients who chip in undergone the procedure or are thinking of undertaking it. Some of them have actually encountered quite a hardly a(prenominal) cases. It is therefore becoming increasingly life-sustaining for psychologists to be able to discuss with patients ab give away their concerns everyplace their appearance and be able to identify the factors that may or may make an individual a suitable or unsuitable candidate for aesthetic surgery.There are interesting issues for psychologists to delve into, from the vantage point of cultural and interpersonal phenomena to the issue of mental health and self-worth issues and these aspects will cast them into new roles, including administration of pre- and post- functional patient evaluations. In addition to research, psychologists may perform roles in assisting patients too, such as helping surgeons plow psychological assessments. For instance, they can assist cosmetic surgeons to distinguish patients who may find it difficult to make the ne cessary psychological or psychosocial adjustments after cosmetic surgery.A lot of psychologists agree that there is an urgent necessity for research on this subject to shed light on cosmetic surgerys psychosocial effects.Researchers and practitioners have made attempts through the years to analyze whether progress in psychosocial well- be after cosmetic surgery can be objectively verified, but too few methodological studies have been conducted to be able come to a conclusion.Studies spanning four decades have shown that most people undergoing cosmetic enhancements are satisfied with the result. But what has been nearly miss is the outcome in psychosocial terms.Psychologists believe that cosmetic surgery related issues have to be examined because of the rum increase in its popularity and the possible connection surrounded by the patients intelligence of dust image or appearance and some psychiatric turnovers, like social phobia, sexual dysfunction and even eating disorders. Res earchers feel that the answers to one fire question may help fill in the gaps.Psychologists and researchers have to figure out the complexities of these effects to make sure that they dont have lasting harmful effects to the patients.The answer to the crucial question of how the patients who have undergone the procedure actually feel may be the key to unlocking the mystery of the emotional and mental effects of cosmetic surgery.Most of the researchers are of similar opinion as to the necessity of broader potential studies employing typical patient strains, with the use of well-established methods to come up with near-accurate results.Do patients who have undergone cosmetic surgery feel better after the procedure?Many people do end up feeling good about themselves after sightedness how more than better they look after cosmetic surgery.Does cosmetic surgery improve psychosocial well- beingness?How do cosmetic surgery procedures affect patients psychologically? Studies have invaria bly shown that people generally feel an increased level of contentment with the body part they had surgery performed on however, there are ambiguities on whether cosmetic surgery actually gives their self-confidence, self-worth, quality of life and interpersonal relationships a come on over the long haul.Overall, the studies indicate that there was a general perception of being pleased with the results among most patients and there was a marked improvement in how they felt about themselves. This was particularly true in the case of women that underwent converge decrease or mammoplasty. Functioning domains showing improvement included self worth, self esteem, distress and shyness and quality of life. However, many of these studies have limitations on methodology, including small sample sizes and potentially biased determinants.Several studies showed that there was a marked improvement in body image evaluation after plastic surgery, and scores in conceit also increased even if the mark up was quite small. It was noted that the effect that the surgery had on body image perception and egoism was not in any way prejudiced by the age patients or the intervening time after surgery.A recent analysis of studies on patients psychological profile and psychosocial performance prior to and after cosmetic surgery, suggests constructive results in patients that include body image improvements and a possible a boost in their quality of life. But the same research also found some(prenominal) predictors of flawed outcomes, more noticeably in patients with depression or care history, as well as those who have unreasonable expectations.In one of the studies conducted by the Center for Human Appearance at the University Of Pennsylvania School Of Medicine, it was put down that 87% of patients reportedconveyedexpressedstated the same sense of satisfaction a year after getting the cosmetic surgery including the feeling of upliftment of their body image perception in general a nd the modified body feature.The Center for Human Appearance at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine conducted a write up which recordeddocumentednoted that a year after having cosmetic surgery, 87% of the patients reported general satisfactioncontentmentcontentednessself-fulfillment sport after the surgery improvements in their overall body image and improvements in the body feature altered. The controvert body image emotions and the feeling of inadequacybeing ineptdeficiencybeing inadequate in social situations are considerably lesseneddecreasedreducedThere was also less experiences of negative body image emotions in social situations among these patientsThe patients also reported more experiences of positive body image emotions in social situations.A study administered by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons indicated that 75% of the respondents chose cosmetic surgery to gainattainachieveobtainget improved looks and a more vibrant lifestyle.In a study performed by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, it was discovered that 75% of the respondents expressed that they opted for cosmetic surgery to achieve enhanced looks and a more active social life. LikewiseSimilarlyAlsoIn the same manner, 70% alluded to psychological merits and emotional rewards after surgery, with notableremarkablesignificant contentment and rehabilitated self-confidence and self-esteem. Also quite impressive, is the 45% who said they enjoy the daily advantage of being more appealingattractive worthy.It was discovered in their literature review, however, that there is a link between plastic surgery and weak post-surgical outcomes for some patients, specifically those with existent personality disorder prior to surgery those who had the misconception that it would save a relationship and those who had impractical expectations that didnt materialize.The review of the existing studies also observed that patients who are discontented with surgery results may take aim a repetition of the procedures or may encounter depression and problems in adjustment, social apathy, family issues, self-destructive demeanors and antagonism against the surgeon and their staff.Outcomes of some studies showed that psychological status visualise changes in both body image and self-esteem evaluation. Patients that did not register any problems on the scales displayed greater progress in body image and self-esteem evaluation than those with psychological issues. There was a stark negative link between pre-operative emotional problems and contentment with surgical outcomes.A specific subgroup that seem to have poor response to cosmetic procedures are people with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), which is discernible by a fixation with an imagined or negligible deformity that usually causes unwarranted clinical distress or imbalance in social and occupational areas of performance. These patients constitute 6%-15% of patients involved in aesthetic plastic surgery surroundi ngs and around 12% of patients in dermatology situations.In one significant study, it showed that there were four times more likelihood for women with breast implants to enrapture out suicide than any other cosmetic surgery patients of the same age bracket.There were firmer and far more unsettling results from epidemiological research of a connection between suicide and cosmetic surgery. According to a Finnish study, theres more likelihood of women with breast implants committing suicide than women who are non-augmented. These results were echoed in findings from similar studies in Sweden and in the unify States.Findings of a study at the International Epidemiology Institute in Rockville, Md. show that theres a larger tendency for women with breast implants to take their own lives. Its one of several studies that have recurrently revealed an escalation of suicide risk among women with surgical breast implants. Similar other studies revealed a greater suicide rate by as much as two to three times higher.These studies made the same report that women who experience surgical breast augmentation are thrice more potential to carry out suicide than those who have not undergone breast enhancement surgeries.Findings show that women who have had surgically augmented breasts are three times more likely to commit suicide.Another striking link that emerge from these studies is that women who are recipients of breast implants are two to three times more likely to kill themselves than those who are not. None of the studies could identify an underlying link between breast implants and suicide, though.Although there seems to be an association between cosmetic breast enhancement and suicide, the precise nature of this connection remains unknown. Although they have been largely unsuccessful in substantiating such connection, thus far, the study is also resolute in investigating the pretend connection between cosmetic breast implants and self-destructive tendencies.Researcher s fail to clarify the suicides and the big question remains a mystery Are women who have suicidal tendencies more liable to decide on having breast implants or is the cosmetic surgery itself the leading cause of the suicide?Some researchers made speculations that a few of the surgery recipients may have held unattainable expectations or have certain personality traits that made them predisposed to suicide.The suicide prevention team at the University of Illinois, speculates that breast augmentation may have a certain attraction on some women with suicidal tendencies, the appeal being that of a means to win control over their own fates noting that people might be tempted to commit suicide are often obsessed with being in command of their bodies.A number of researchers theorizes that its extremely probable for some women who had prior psychological problems before the breast augmentation or implant to experience a period of recuperation in psychological behaviour subsequent to cosme tic implant, but not retained for the long term. Thus, after several years, theres a re-emergence or aggravation of psychiatric troubles.Some researchers allege that recipients of surgical implants display a host of psychosomatic problems that put them in grave danger of imminent suicide. Whether this is the only rationalization or whether post-surgery discontentment is also involved, has not yet been clarified.

Trade Kings A Zambia Consumer Company Marketing Essay

throw Kings A Zambia Consumer Company Marketing EssayFor a squiffy in its initial multinationalisation, it willing have to apply in mail merchandiseing strategies where it roles intermediary organisations that have the necessary fuck off in handling exportationation sales on behalf of experienced or low level exporting organisations. As the firms export grows and the firm acquires knowledge in the export grocery store including the preparations of the export documents, it may now opt to use the direct export strategy with less use of intermediariesMost companies would prefer to re principal(prenominal) domestic if their domestic market were large enough. Managers would non fatality to learn other languages and laws, deal with volatile currencies, face political and legal un plasteredties or redesign their products to suit different guest needs and expectations. A higher degree of involvement in the domestic market and the company may need a larger customer meanspirite d to turn everyplace economies of sale.As spate Kings expanded in Zambia, its marketing pesonnel was suitable to collect in validation on the potential opportunities in Malawi. It was actually observed that travelers freeing to Malawi had introduced the brand maheu there and was a popular brand. This information provided the basis for conducting formal market research which revealed that the brand would successfully sale in Malawi. The company eventually degradeed the Malawian Market in 2001 through an mediate export strategy.LEARNING CURVE REQUIREMENTSFirms which intend a heavy future involvement might need to learn from the experience that close involvement in an abroad market can bring, some companies may non have any study resources and experience in international trade. Trade Kings did not have any experience in international marketing as it was initially only selling its brands in Zambia.RISKSSome risks such as political risks or the risk of the expropriation of ove rseas assets by foreign organization encourages firms entering into overseas markets to persue an substantiative exports strategy as it is safer. On the other hand, the risk of losing emergency with customers and their requirements would encourage a direct export strategy.There is political stability in Malawi, Mozambique and South Africa and this provided opportunities for Trade Kings to enter these foreign markets. The neglect of experience in export marketing meant that Trade Kings would have to use already experienced exporters, although it would not be in touch with the customers in these countries.CONTROL NEEDSControl over the export operations, particularly over the marketing mix and the distribution channel varies between indirect and direct exporting strategies. Indirect export strategy offers virtually no authorisation to the exporters.Trade Kings had no control over indirect exporters. These were willing to sale on behalf of Trade Kings. However, Trade Kings later op ted to use direct export strategy which allowed for greater control over its export operations in Malawi, Mozambique and South Africa.HOW umpteen MARKETS TO destroyThe company must decide how some foreign markets to enter and how fast to expand. The risk is the substantial resources needed and the difficulty of planning export strategies into many diverse markets. (Kotler 2004, Page 640).EVALUATING POTENTIAL MARKETSIt is important to evaluate the potential of several foreign markets. Many companies prefer to sell to neighbouring countries because they understand these countries better and can control their follows effectively.Most Zambians be familiar with Malawi due to historical and political factors. Trade Kings would not find it difficult to enter the Malawian Market.DECIDING HOW TO ENTER THE MARKETOnce a company decides to target a particular country, it must determine the best mode of entry. Its broad choices regarding export strategies include an indirect export strategy and a direct import strategy.A firm internationalizing for the first time has no experience in export documentation, lack local anaesthetic anesthetic knowledge in the foreign market and valuable distribution contacts. Trade Kings had to depend on the experienced exporters. In this case it would have to use indirect export strategy. exportingING STRATEGIESExporting is the easiest, cheapest, and most commonly used route in to a new foreign market. Many firms become exporters in an chance(prenominal) haphazard and reactive way, simply by accepting orders from the potential customers who happen to be based overseas. However it was common for a firm to take a proactive approach to exporting by the systematic planning and the identification and the selection of target markets for its exports. This buckle unders rise to several receiptss over those entry methods which require greater involvement in the overseas market.3.1 ADVANTAGES TO THE EXPORTER3.1.1 The principal benefit is that the exporters ar able to concentrate production in a star location, in order to achieve economies of scale and consistency of product quality.Trade Kings would produce the Maheu brand and distribute it to its foreign markets in Malawi, Mozambique and South Africa. The study as at now does not require the setting up of a plant in these countries. However Trade Kings is considering a plant in Malawi that will produce a go astray of consumer products similar to the anes produced in Zambia.3.1.2 Firms lacking the know-how and experience can try internationalization on a small scale. Trade kings had started exporting maheu brand on a small scale until the brand gained popularity in 2002. The demand for the brand had increased in Malawi.3.1.3 Exporting enables firms to develop and test their plans and strategies.Trade Kings had to attain the learning curved shape effect and eventually was able to persue a more expansionary export sales to Malawi, Mozambique and South Africa by persu ing direct export strategy.3.1.4 Exporting enables firms to minimize their operating costs, administrative overheads and personnel requirements.3.2 INDIRECT EXPORT STRATEGY3.2.1 EXPORT HOUSESExport house are firms which facilitate exporting on behalf of the manufacturing business. There are three main types of export housesEXPORT MERCHANTSThese act as export principals, they buy goods from a producer and sell them abroad.Trade Kings was able to sell its maheu brand to export merchants in Lusaka who where exporting a range of consumer products in Malawi.ADVANTAGES OF EXPORT HOUSESThe producer gains the benefits of the export houses market knowledge and contacts. Trade kings was able to use a major(ip) export house ABC international export that was able to buy a range of consumer products from various suppliers in Zambia and transport them to malawi, Mozambique and South Africa. As duty continued with ABC company, Trade Kings acquired knowledge that was helpful in setting its own ex port market department.Except in the case of export agents the producer is relieved of the need to do the followingFinance the export transactionSuffer the credit riskPrepare export documentationTrade Kings was not able to incur any promotional and distribution expenses. This was borne by ABC Company. All export documentation was done by the exporter.In some cases export merchants receive preferential treatment from foreign institutional and organisational customers.ABC supranational Exporters is a large company that has been in the export marketing of consumer products to Malawi including supplying goods to government institutions and organizations. It has developed brawny relationships with valuable contacts in the country that it exports to.DISADVANTAGES OF EXPORT HOUSESUltimately, it is not the producer but the marchants decision to market a product and so a producer is at the Merchants mercy.At this time the merchant was buying less Trade Kings brand in preference to their co mpany brands.Any goodwill created in the market ordinarily benefits the Merchant and not the producer.As with all intermediaries, an export house or Merchants might service a variety of producing organization. An individual producer cannot rely on the Merchants exclusive loyalty.Trade kings brands has created strong loyalty in Malawi, However ABC Company was not effectively marketing the brand. It was also over -pricing the brand leading to lower sales. The exporter also was also increasing stock of Trade Kings Competitor. This lead to the creation of Trade Kings export marketing department.Export houses are not normally willing to enter into immense term arrangements with a producer.Trade King had entered with a 2 (two) year expurgate with ABC International Exporters as they did not want a 5 (five) year contract initially.However as demand for the brand increased in Malawi, the exporter wanted a long term contract.Trade Kings entered in to contract with a specialist export wari ness firm, International Distributors Limited, a specialist export Consultancy and logistics firm.DISADVANTAGES OF SPECIALIST EXPORT warinessThe drawbacks of using the specialist export managers include-As the export manager is an independent organisation, it can leave the producers service and the producer will have gained as inhouse expertise.The contract was not renewed because the international distributor firm lacked the resources to fully exploit the foreign markets.As the producer does not learn from experience of exporting, this may adversely affect future options by restricting those available.The Trade Kings did not benefit any export knowledge from the distributors as all export management functions were done by the firm.The specialist export manager may not have sufficient knowledge of all the producers in the market.International distributors proved to lack adequate knowledge in the foreign markets in which Trade Kings could increase its sales.3. COMPLIMENTARY EXPORTIN GComplementry exporting or piggy back exporting occurred when one producing organisation refered to as the carrier uses its own established international marketing channels to market the products of another producer referred to as the rider as salutary as its own.ADVANTAGES OF COMPLIMENTARY EXPORTINGThere are advantages to both the carrier and the rider as followsThe carrier earns increased profit from a better use of distribution capacity and can sell a more attractive product range.The rider obtains entry to a market at low cost and low risk.Trade Kings did not use this mode of indirect export strategy.4. TURNKEY CONTRACTSTurnkey contracts may also provide opportunities for complementary exporting. A single firm engaged in a particular project overseas such as construction, petroleum refining, pharmaceutical and civil engineering projects will lots acquire products and services from other firms in the home country for the project. (Hill 2005, page 485)Trade kings did not use muc h of indirect export strategy.DIRECT EXPORT STRATEGYDirect export strategy occurs where the producing organisation itself performs the export tasks rather than using an intermediary. Sales are made directly to customers overseas who may be wholesalers, retailers or final users. Sales may increasingly be made via e- commerce on the internet.As the volume of sales increased and a forcast of demand showed that Trade Kings brand were steadily growing including detergents, candles, match ticks. Sweets , snacks and bathing soaps. Marketing in this environment is similar to the marketing in the domestic market, although there are the added problems of distance product regulations language and culture.(Hill, 2005 Page 488) abroad AGENCIESOverseas export agent is an overseas firm hired to effect a sales contract between the principal (i.e the exporter) and a customer. Agents do not take title of goods, they earn a commission.Trade Kings entered into a contract with Malawi export agent, Malaw i export Limited.THE ADVANTAGES OF OVERSEAS AGENTSAn exporter may use overseas agents due to the following reasons-They have extensive knowledge and experience of overseas market and the customers.Malawi Export Limited, an indeginous local firm, large importer was able to increase the sale of trade Kings products.Their existing product range is usually complementary to the exporters. This may help the exporter penetrate the overseas market. Unlike ABC international exporters who were able to stock Trade Kings Competitors brands.The exporter does have to make a large investment outlay. Trade Kings did not have to spend resources in building a depot and managing it. This was all done by the Malawi Export Limited.The political risk is lowMalawi export Limited is an indigenous Malawian firm and has vast local knowledge and local contraact. It is able to withstand any political challenges in Malawi.DISADVANTAGES OF USING OVERSEAS AGENTSThe disadvantages of using overseas agents and these areAn intermediarys commitment and motivation may be weaker than the producers. The Malawi export Limited was still able to market others brand by different suppliers and was based towards brands whose turnover was very high compared to Trade Kings brands.Agents usually want steady turnover using an agent may not be the most appropriate way of selling low volume, high nourish goods with unsteady patterns of demand, or where sales are infrequent.Trade Kings brand were of average turnover and Malawi Export Limited failing to meet the expectations of Trade Kings. This led to the formation of a Trade Kings secernate office in Malawi. This would also deal with Mozambique and South Africa.Many agents are too small to exploit a major market to its full extent. Many service only limited geographic segments.As a market grow large it becomes less efficient to use as an agent. A branch office or subsidiary company will achieve economics of scale.The demand for the Trade king brands kept on growing since 2004 and management had to commit its resources in developing an overseas branch office in Malawi.A careful analysis was done by Trade Kings prior to the selection of the Malawi Export Limited Company to act as an overseas agent for the Malawian market.COMPANY BRANCH OFFICES ABROADA firm can establish its own office in a foreign market for the purpose of marketing and distributing its product.ADVANTAGES OF A COMPANY BRANCH OFFICEThe advantage of Companys branch office in setting its own distribution office, a firm may have the following advantagesWhen sales have reached a certain level branch offices become more effective than agencies.A Trade King Branch was finally opened in the capital city, Lilongwe in Malawi on 1st June, 2005 with most round being Malawians.Sales performance will improve as the commitment and motivation of a producers own staff should be more effective than those of an agent.Trade Kings Staff were committed to ensure that they attained the sales targets. The level of motivation was high leading to surpassed sales targets in 2006, this lead to the expansion of the branch to also effectively manage sales in Mozambique.The producer retains complete marketing control. Trade Kings had now a strong presence in Malawi and in Mozambique.The branch was now able to pursue aggressive marketing of Trade Kings brands through advertising campaigns, sales promotions campaigns and participation in trade exhibitions in Malawi and Mozambique.DISADVANTAGE OF COMPANY BRANCH OFFICES ABROADTrade Kings experienced the following drawbacks when it set- up firm setting an overseas Company branch in MalawiHigher investment overhead and running costs are entailed.There can be a political risk particulaly expropriation of assets.The firm will be subject to local staff legislation which it may not welcome.CONCLUSIONMode of entry has implications for the distribution channel. Although in domestic markets firms often give some control over distribution to intermediaries this problem is magnified in international terms. Trade Kings later experienced distribution problems through its indirect export strategy in Malawi. The distributors had earlier on provided Trade Kings with higher sales. However it started to over stock a range of products from various competing firms. This led to a ancestry in Trade Kings maheu brand despite the product having established brand loyalty on the Malawian market.It can be observed that, for many overseas operations means they are forced into the aims of intermediaries even though this may not be the ideal means of the satisfying the needs of the end consumers.Trade kings enventually had to opt for investing directly in the Malawian market through a direct export strategy.

Corruption And Integrity In The World Politics Essay

Corruption And Integrity In The World Politics EssayCorruption is defined as the impairment of integrity, virtue, or moral principle or as inducement to wrong by improper or unlawful means such as transplant. Corruption is defined by the World Bank and transp arncy International (TI) as the misuse of public office for private gain. Corruption is generally considered to be a symptom and outcome of weak governance. Examples of degeneracy include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, patronage, graft, and embezzlement. While decomposeion may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and trafficking, it is not restricted to these activities.Stemming subversive activity requires strong oversight by parliaments, a well-performing judiciary, independent and properly resourced audit and anti-corruption agencies, vigorous law enforcement, transp bency in public budgets, revenue and aid flows, as well as space for independent media and a vibrant civil society, said Huguette Labelle, chairwoman of Transparency International.every year, Transparency International ranks 180 countries to create its corruption index. The least corrupt countries for 2009 are New Zealand and Denmark, respectively. The almost corrupt countries are Somalia and Afghanistan, respectively. In comparison to Transparency Internationals 2008 ranked list, the least corrupt countries stayed the at the same ranking and the most corrupt countries only slightly changed- Somalia topped the list both years mend Myanmar was the runner up in 2008.Somalia ended up as the most corrupt republic on Transparency Internationals list for a variety of reasons. In 1992, most of Somalia was a disaster area. It was effectively destroyed. It had no governing body, no police force, nor even basic services. Murderous warlords battled savagely for control of the capital, Mogadishu and armed thugs and bandits roamed the farming destroying and taking everything insight. The fightin g and the drought claimed over 300,000 lives, and heartbreaking spectacles of emaciated bodies of famine victims were seen on a daily basis. Although droughts have played havoc with countrified production, the food supply has been far more threatened by never-ending armed conflicts. It is true that external factors, including the colonial legacy, the Cold War, and other foreign engaged in African affairs, have played a role in creating the regions problems. However, the primary causes of Africas crises are of internal origin misguided semipolitical leadership, corruption, capital flight, big economic systems, senseless civil wars, and military vandalism. The basic problem here, besides a lack of competence, is total corruption. The top people line their pockets through political influence. It is difficult to prove the corruption, even when a top official speaks out about wrongdoing.Somalias problems could have been avoided if their leaders and elites had used their plebeian sen se. In Africa the people are the peasants the majority in every African nation. Some minimum take of stability, peace, order, civil society, and respect for civil liberties is necessary for productive activity. The principal beneficiaries of economic prosperity ought to be the peasants, not the elite minority that constitutes less than 10 percent.Another corruption-ridden country is Afghanistan. Corruption has multiple and severe adverse effects on Afghanistan. In addition to the direct financial costs of corruption (higher costs of contracts and public services, loss of public funds due to theft or misuse of government facilities and assets) there are substantial costs related to time devoted to corrupt practices by government officials, private businesses, and the public as well as, curiously in the case of the security sector, the human costs (e.g. of threats, intimidation, victimization of people by security forces). Widespread corruption deters and distorts private investmen t. But perhaps most important, are the adverse implications of corruption, and popular perceptions of widespread corruption, for the effective functioning, credibility, and legitimacy of the state. A particular problem in this regard is drug-related corruption, allegedly involving senior Government officials, which interacts destructively with corruption in the security sector (especially the police) and justice sector. Not surprisingly, the basic forms of corruption in Afghanistan appear to be broadly similar to those found in other countries. These include petty corruption and bribery, extortion, outright theft of government assets, patronage, and corruption in government procurement. Examples of the former in Afghanistan include the apparently common practice of demanding money from the public for required forms and documents bribery in return for obtaining an electricity connection, uninterrupted power service, or under-assessment of electricity bills theft of fuel in municipal sanitation departments, etc.On the other hand, New Zealand is ranked the least corrupt country. Unlike much of the world, New Zealand is a nation where corruption is virtually unk forthwithn. It is unheard of to have to bribe public officials to do the jobs they are paid to do. Genuine wrongdoing is quickly exposed and offenders are dealt with in untied court under fair and transparent laws. New Zealand has a zero tolerance policy on corruption and bribery, which means that it does not accept bribery within its own ranks or in cooperation with external partners. Not even a New Zealand police officer can be bribed. Anyone who tries to will be arrested on the spot. Everyone knows this, which is why nobody tries to, not even the worst, most desperate or richest criminals. While there have been a few instances of bribery among dependent public servants over the years, the offenders are caught and vigorously prosecuted. New Zealand has had their share of fraudulent businesspeople, but they are also prosecuted. Their justice system is a stiff and control one, with fiercely independent judges selected because of their legal abilities alone, not because of political views.Like New Zealand, Denmark has also adopted a zero-tolerance policy. The zero-tolerance policy means that anti-corruption clauses are now found in all Government Agreements and in all contracts with companies involved in preparing and implementing Denmarks emergence. All of Denmarks contracts include an anti-corruption clause, whereby companies will have to sign a promulgation on non-bribery. Non-compliance with this clause might lead to a cease of contract and exclusion from future contracts.The common denominator for the least corrupt countries verses the most corrupt countries basically boils down to having an organized government and rules and regulations. In New Zealand and Denmark they clearly have a solid government with well-known anti-corruption policies. They enforce the zero tolerance level so that people realize that it isnt worth suffering the potential consequences of even trying to do wrong. Things tend to work progressively and smooth. Whereas, in the most corrupt countries the common denominator is chaos and disorganization. There tends to be no democracy or government (fair) to rule and control the citizens. And there tends to be much violence.The culture of the country does play a huge role in the countrys ethics. In the most corrupt countries, the people tend to be poor, uneducated, and live in extreme desolate conditions. There typically is no middle class only a small parcel of very wealthy and powerful and a large percentage of very poor and powerless. In the least corrupt countries, the people tend to be educated and live in comfortable conditions.Some possible slipway to lessen the corrupt and unethical behaviors are to be clear and concise with anti-corruption policies. A good example is New Zealand. They have made sure that their laws are tra nsparent and understandable. If somebody does not follow the law they are prosecuted to the fullest extent. Having an enforceable zero tolerance policy is a huge step in decrease corruption. Some additional ways to lessen corruption are by improving public sector service delivery by focusing on public sector accountability and legal reform in order to re-introduce rule of law, building integrity by promoting governmental accountability and transparency and building watchdog and enforcement agencies. Lack of accountability by national and international politicians and civil servants is probably one of the most important reasons why sustainable development has not occurred in most of the worlds poorest countries. The country needs to have an information surplus, control of the government, and eliminate opportunities and incentives for corrupt behavior. Social conditions such as increased literacy and educational activity among the population can help curb corrupt behavior as well.My home country, the United States of America, ranked nineteenth on the Transparency International corruption list. US federal law prohibits bribery of both non-US and domestic federal public officials. The US federal anti-foreign bribery statute is the Foreign Corrupt Practices comprise 1977. The FCPAapplies to the people of the United States and companies, stockholders, officers, directors, employees, or agents acting on behalf of a United States company. The FCPA has anti-bribery provisions and prohibits indirect as well as direct improper payments. If someone has a conscious disregard, willful blindness, or deliberate ignorance, of culpable conduct or suspicious circumstances it may be adequate to support a violation of the FCPA. The penalties for violations of the FCPAs anti-bribery and corruption provisions are severe. For criminal convictions, companies could be fined the greater of $2 million for each violation or twice the gain bring in on any business obtained through cond uct that violated the FCPA. In addition to similar criminal fines, individuals can be imprisoned for up to 5 years. For civil violations, penalties of $10,000 for each violation may be imposed both on companies and individuals. Moreover, in recent years, SEC has insisted that companies forgo all profits bring in through conduct that violated the FCPA. In several recent cases, the US Department of Justice and SEC have also required companies to engage for a three-year period an independent compliance monitor that provides periodic reports to the US authorities. The US federal laws also include various domestic bribery statutes, which prohibits bribery of US domestic public officials. This statute prohibits the giving of anything of value to a public official or person who has been selected to be a public official.

Practice makes Perfect Essay -- Essays Papers

Practice makes Perfect As I look back on my schooling I cant conceptualize how many papers Ive written throughout my life. Naturally as Ive grown up, my writing has developed from learning how to write sentences all the guidance up to the pages of essays that consist of deeper criteria. I know for a fact that Im a better writer now than I was before. College writing is more(prenominal) challenging and Ive had to learn how to adjust to it. Over the semester we have written papers that have helped me develop my skills. Before we did the first two papers of the class, I really didnt know much about paraphrase and summary. I wasnt sure how long it would take me to learn these skills, but I presently realized that it wasnt as bad as I thought it would be. Ultimately, I think t...

Paradise Lost Essay -- Analysis, Milton

The seat of faith resides in the will of the individual and not in the leaning to our own think, for reasoning is the freedom of choosing what one accepts as ones will. In considering the will was created and one cannot accuse the potter or the clay, Milton writes to this reasoning, as thir own revolt, whereas the clay of serviceman is sufficient and justly pliable for use as a vessel of obedience or disobedience (3.117). The difficulty of this acceptance of obedience or disobedience is inherent in the natural unwillingness in acknowledging that we are at the disposal of another being, even divinity fudge. One theme of Paradise Lost is valets disobedience to a overlord, a Creator that claims control over its insane asylum. When a single living thing which God has made escapes beyond the Creators control this is in essence an eradicating of the Creator God. A Creator who would create a creature who the Creator would or could not control its creation is not a sovereign God. For who would not hold someone responsible for manufacturing something that could not be controlled and consider it immoral to do so? To think that God created a universe that he has somehow abdicated to its own devices is to accredit immorality to the Creator. Since the nucleus of Miltons epic poem is to justifie the wayes of God to his creation, these arguments are set in theological Miltonesque terms in his words (1. 26). Miltons terms and words in Paradise Lost relate the view of God to man and Miltons view to the reader. Views viewed in theological terms that have blazed many wandering paths through the centuries to knot up imperfect men to explain perfect God. To absolve the ways of God is a well-trodden path, but there is more to only one path. For if... ...o tensions. Paul the apostle wrote by the same Spirit that Milton claimed that the Potter has the power over the clay and by the riches of Gods mercy he shall show mercy upon who he wants to show mercy. Theologians of histor y, Augustine, Wyclif, Luther, Zwingli, Calvin and others all held this doctrine of predestination and taught it with zero. With vigor predestination stands in Scripture and the challenge for Milton was to demonstrate the Father is reasonable, but at the same time God is the Almighty. So where does Miltons views stand in relation to a perfect God? As others before of Providence, Foreknowledge, Will and Fate, Fixt Fate, free will, foreknowledge absolute, in the Apostle Pauls reply O man, who nontextual matter thou that repliest against God? Shall the thing formed say to him that formed it, why hast thou made me thus (2.559,560- Romans 920 K.J.V.)?