Chemistry Lab Report on standardization of acid and bases Essay

Purpose: To prepare standardize solution of sodium hydroxide and to determine the concentration of unknown sulfuric acid solution. Data and Calculations: This experiment is divided into two parts (Part A and Part B). In the first part of experiment, the standardize solution of sodium hydroxide is prepared by titrating it with base Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP). The indicator Phenolphthalein is used to determine that whether titration is complete or not. PART A: Standardization of a Sodium Hydroxide solution NaOH Sample Code = O Trial 1 Mass of KHP transferred = 0.42 g Volume of Distilled water = 25 mL Volume of NaOH used = 22.50 mL Molar mass of KHP = 204.22 g/mol No. of moles of KHP = Mass of KHP used / Molar mass = 0.42 g / 204.22 g/mol = 0.0021 moles Concentration of NaOH = No. of moles / Volume = [0.0021 mol / {(22.50 + 25) / 1000} L] * 100 = 4.4 M Trial 2 Mass of KHP transferred = 0.4139 g Volume of Distilled water = 25 mL Volume of NaOH used = 22.80 mL Molar mass of KHP = 204.22 g/mol No. of moles of KHP = Mass of KHP used / Molar mass = 0.4139 g / 204.22 g/mol = 0.0020267 moles Concentration of NaOH = No. of moles / Volume = [0.0020267 mol / {(22.80 + 25) / 1000} L] * 100 = 4.24 M Trial 3 Mass of KHP transferred = 0.4239 g Volume of Distilled water = 25 mL Volume of NaOH used = 23.10 mL Molar mass of KHP = 204.22 g/mol No. of moles of KHP = Mass of KHP used / Molar mass = 0.4239 g / 204.22 g/mol = 0.0020757 moles Concentratio n of NaOH = No. of moles / Volume = [0.0020757 mol / {(23.10 + 25) / 1000} L] * 100 = 4.32 M Trial 4 Mass of KHP transferred = 0.4311 g Volume of Distilled water = 25 mL Volume of NaOH used = 22.60 mL Molar mass of KHP = 204.22 g/mol No. of moles of KHP = Mass of KHP used / Molar mass = 0.4311 g / 204.22 g/mol = 0.0021109 moles Concentration of NaOH = No. of moles / Volume = [0.0021109 mol / {(22.60 + 25) / 1000} L] * 100 = 4.43 M Table: Trail 1 Mass weighing bottle + KHP (g) Mass empty weighing bottle (g) Mass of KHP transferred (g) Initial volume of burette, Vi (mL) Final Volume of burette, Vf(mL) Volume of NaOH used (mL) Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 11.561 11.6217 11.6113 11.6329 11.1461 11.2078 11.1874 11.2018 0.4200 0.4139 0.4239 0.4311 4.30 6.30 10.1 33.20 26.80 29.10 33.20 55.80 22.50 22.80 23.10 22.60 Concentration of NaOH (moles/L) 4.4 4.24 4.32 Average concentration of NaOH = [4.4 M + 4.24 M + 4.32 M + 4.43 M] / 4 = 4.35 M 1. % Difference between Trial 1 and Trail 2 = [4.24 M / 4.4 M] * 100 % = 96.3 % Difference = (100 – 96.3) % = 3.7 % 2. % Difference between Trial 2 and Trail 3 = [4.24 M / 4.32 M] * 100 % = 98.1 % Difference = (100 – 98.1) % = 1.9 % 3. % Difference between Trial 3 and Trail 4 = [4.32 M / 4.43 M] * 100 % = 97.5 % Difference = (100 – 97.5) % = 2.5 % 4.43 Observations: KHP is white color crystals and has definite shape. NaOH is clear and transparent solution with no color. In the first trial, after adding 90 drops of NaOH solution there was repeatedly appearance and disappearance of light pink color. When the whole solution of KHP and water get titrated then, the color of solution becomes light pink and it stays permanently. The same color changes happen with the next three trials. Concentration of NaOH was almost similar for every trials. PART B: Concentration of Sulfuric Acid solution H2SO4 Sample Code = 34 Trial 1: Volume diluted acid = 25 mL Volume of NaOH used = 14.39 mL H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) 2H2O (l) + 2Na2SO4 (aq) Average concentration of NaOH = 4.35 M No. of moles of NaOH = (Average concentration of NaOH) * (Volume of NaOH used) = 4.35 M * (14.39 / 1000) L = 0.0626 moles No. of moles of H2SO4 = 0.0626 mol / 2 = 0.0313 moles Concentration of H2SO4 = No. of moles / (volume of diluted acid / 1000) = 0.0313 mol / (25 / 1000) L = 1.2 M Trial 2: Volume diluted acid = 25 mL Volume of NaOH used = 13.51 mL H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) 2H2O (l) + 2Na2SO4 (aq) Average concentration of NaOH = 4.35 M No. of moles of NaOH = (Average concentration of NaOH) * (Volume of NaOH used) = 4.35 M * (13.51 / 1000) L = 0.0588 moles No. of moles of H2SO4 = 0.0588 mol / 2 = 0.0294 moles Concentration of H2SO4 = No. of moles / (volume of diluted acid / 1000) = 0.0294 mol / (25 / 1000) L = 1.2 M Trial 3: Volume diluted acid = 25 mL Volume of NaOH used = 14.10 mL H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) 2H2O (l) + 2Na2SO4 (aq) Av erage concentration of NaOH = 4.35 M No. of moles of NaOH = (Average concentration of NaOH) * (Volume of NaOH used) = 4.35 M * (14.10 / 1000) L = 0.0613 moles No. of moles of H2SO4 = 0.0613 mol / 2 = 0.0307 moles Concentration of H2SO4 = No. of moles / (volume of diluted acid / 1000) = 0.0307 mol / (25 / 1000) L = 1.2 M Trial 4: Volume diluted acid = 25 mL Volume of NaOH used = 14.20 mL H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) 2H2O (l) + 2Na2SO4 (aq) Average concentration of NaOH = 4.35 M No. of moles of NaOH = (Average concentration of NaOH) * (Volume of NaOH used) = 4.35 M * (14.20 / 1000) L = 0.0618 moles No. of moles of H2SO4 = 0.0618 mol / 2 = 0.0309 moles Concentration of H2SO4 = No. of moles /  (volume of diluted acid / 1000) = 0.0309 mol / (25 / 1000) L = 1.2 M % Difference between Trail 1 and Trail 2 = [1.2 M / 1.2 M] * 100 % = 100 % Difference = (100 – 100) % =0% % Difference between Trail 1 and Trail 2 = [1.2 M / 1.2 M] * 100 % = 100 % Difference = (100 – 100) % =0% % Diff erence between Trail 1 and Trail 2 = [1.2 M / 1.2 M] * 100 % = 100 % Difference = (100 – 100) % =0% % Difference between Trail 1 and Trail 2 = [1.2 M / 1.2 M] * 100 % = 100 % Difference = (100 – 100) % =0% Table 2: Trail 1 Volume diluted acid titrated (mL) Initial Volume of burette, Vi (mL) Final Volume of burette, Vf (mL) Volume NaOH used (mL) Concentration Of Sulfuric Acid Trail 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 25 25 25 25 2.41 17.20 8.50 22.60 16.94 30.71 22.60 36.80 14.39 13.51 14.10 14.20 1.2 M 1.2 M 1.2 M 1.2 M Observations: The H2SO4 is colorless and transparent liquid. The NaOH solution is colorless, odorless and transparent liquid. While doing the first trail, there were continuous appearance and disappearance of light pink color. After adding 10 mL of NaOH solution the pink color starts appearing. At certain volume the light pink color appeared, indicating that titration is done. The indictor phenolphthalein has no color and there was no specific odor of reagent. Discussion: Average concentration of NaOH solution was 4.35 M. There are many sources of error in this experiment as we got some percentage differences in the two different trials. For the Trial 1 and Trial 2, the percentage difference is 3.7 % which is significant difference to be noted. This percentage difference could occur due to many reasons such as not measuring the KHP properly as we got 0.42 g for first trial and 0.4139 g for second trial of KHP for performing titration but it is more than required value as per literature value is concerned (0.40 g). The almost same percentagedifference occurs for next two trials (1.9 % and 2.5 %). The KHP is always 99.9 % pure, so the titration should give perfect results (Lab Manual). The other possible errors was due to the disturbance on the shelf by other students where analytical balance is placed in balance room, as it cause variability in the values in weight of KHP. In Part B of experiment, the average concentration of sulfuric was found to be 1.2 M and there was 100 % titration of both reagent (NaOH and H2SO4). This 100 % results comes due to significant figures, if significant figures would not be concerned then there would be error of 1.0 % to 2.0 % in every two trials. There was identical difference of volume of NaOH used to titrate the acid for each  trial due to some possible errors. The possible errors in this Part of experiment were same as for Part A, as the process is followed in the same way. The most significant error could occur by not shaking the flask properly while adding sodium hydroxide solution and not recognizing the pink color on the instant it appears and adding the NaOH solution vigorously into the sulfuric acid. Questions: The 10 mL volumetric pipette is rinse 2 or 5 times to make sure there is no bubble inside because air bubble can cause error in the measurement of concentration because the actual volume of unknown will be less. The accuracy and precision for both sets of experiment was almost same as there were percentage difference of concentrations lies only in 2 % to 4 %. The endpoints of titration for each set of trails in both cases (Part A and Part B) were almost same but there is little difference in volume of NaOH used which cause errors in accuracy and precision of experiment. Using the analytical balance is really careful job as it is most accurate weighing machine with accuracy of 0.0004 g (Lab Manual) and we need to be prà ©cised using the balance but some few disturbance can cause big error such as disturbance other students on the shelf it is placed on and not reading the balance properly and taking measurements fastly. Using Volumetric glassware is other method to be more accurate in experiment but there are some possible random error while reading the values such as not reading the lower meniscus of liquid cause error and not removing the air bubble from the burette and using the beaker in place graduated cylinder in case of volume as graduated cylinder is more accurate as compared to beaker (0.02 g) (Lab Manual). Sources of Experimental Error include: The Analytical balance could give wrong reading because of the disturbance due to other students on the shelf it is placed on. Also, taking the reading rapidly and not considering the reading when balance display gets steady. The possible error can occur using wrong glassware like using beaker instead of graduated cylinder. The error could occur while taking reading through graduated cylinder and not considering the lower meniscus of liquid. The air bubble in burette can cause error in the true value of NaOH used. Few drops of liquid remain in burette and volumetric pipette which causes the error. Not shaking the flask properly while adding the NaOH solution. Adding the NaOH solution vigorously into the flask. Not recognizing the pink color instantly as it appears.  Adding the more drops of indicator as needed (2 or 3 drops). The biggest error occur due to leaking of NaOH solution form burette, we lost 4 drops during every one trial and it cause the significant error in reading the volume of NaOH used. There is water left after washing the glass wares which can cause the error. This lab could be improved by improving the method of drying the graduated cylinder and beaker before filling it with the NaOH solution. The glassware could be dried by small amount of acetone. Any acetone could be removed by evaporation. Finally, the experimenter should remove the clinging droplets to the neck of burette and volumetric pipette by using Kim Wipe. Conclusion: After careful consideration of all the results and all the possible concentration, it is concluded that the average concentration of NaOH (sample code O) was 4.35 M and average concentration of H2SO4 (sample code 34) was 1.2 M.

The eNotes Blog The Point of Life Was to Press On Remembering TomClancy

The Point of Life Was to Press On Remembering TomClancy Fans of espionage and military science novels have lost one of that genres most popular authors. Tom Clancy has died at age 66.   The cause of death has not yet been released. Here are some facts about Clancy that you may not know: Worked as an insurance salesman after attending Loyola College. Tried, but failed, to purchase the Minnesota Vikings. Divorced after thirty years following revelations of an affair with a New York Assistant D.A. Second wife is the niece of General Colin Powell. Although he loved the military, poor eyesight prevented him from enlisting. In 1984, President Ronald Reagan boosted sales of Clancys first novel,  The Hunt for Red October, by praising it at a press conference. Its a really good yarn, Reagan said. Founded the gaming company Red Storm Entertainment in 1996 and sold it for a reported $45 million Was the  co-owns the Baltimore Orioles Tom Clancy was one of the best-selling authors of the last thirty years.   In addition to  The Hunt for Red October,  his other popular works included  Patriot Games  (1988),  Clear and Present Danger (1989), and  The Sum of All Fears (1991).

How to Make Changes to Your MCAT Registration

How to Make Changes to Your MCAT Registration When you choose an MCAT test date, pay the registration fees, and complete your MCAT registration, you never figure that you may have to make a change. However, when it comes to your MCAT registration, you can certainly make changes if life doesnt work out according to your carefully made plans. Read on for ways to change your test center, change your test date or time, or cancel your MCAT registration. Change Your MCAT Test Center, Test Time or Test Date Shifting your test center or registering for a different test date or time isnt really all that difficult, providing there is space at the new center where youd like to test and availability on the dates youve provided. And there are benefits to changing multiple things at once if you need to change your test center and test date, for instance. If you change them separately, youll be charged a rescheduling fee twice. Change them together and youll only be charged once. There are a few caveats, though: You must make a change prior to the Silver Zone registration deadline for the exam for which youre currently registered.You cant change your test date before registration has opened for the new exam date as no special permissions or privileges are granted in registration order to previously registered testers.Rescheduling into an exam date that is within the Bronze Zone will cost you an additional $50. This fee is the difference between the initial Silver Zone registration fee ($275) and the initial Bronze Zone registration fee ($325). Cancel Your MCAT Registration Lets say youre called away on military duty. Or, heaven forbid, theres a death in your immediate family. Or, youve decided that you dont want to take the MCAT on your registered date and youre not sure when (or if!) youd like to register again. What can you do? If theres no emergency- youd just like to cancel for your own personal reasons- then here are the details: You must cancel before the end of the Gold Zone registration deadline in order to receive a partial refund- $135 for standard testers and $50 for FAP recipients.If you cancel after the Gold Zone registration deadline, you will not receive a refund at all! So youd better make sure youd really like to cancel.If you decide to register for a new test date in the same calendar year in which youve canceled, then youll have to pay the entire registration fee again, along with a rescheduling fee, which is nonrefundable. If youve experienced a crisis like being hospitalized or having a death in the family OR youre called away on military duty or to help medically in a catastrophic event, then you can receive a maximum of $135 no matter when the cancellation occurs. If youre a FAP recipient, youll receive a $50 cancellation reimbursement. Youll need to contact the MCAT Resource Center either by phone (202) 828-0690 or by email at mcataamc.org for instructions regarding canceling during a crisis. Please note that youll be required to provide either military papers explaining the dates of your deployment and length of service, a funeral program or death certificate, or medical documentation explaining the duration of your hospital stay. Make an MCAT Registration Change Here If youve decided you need to change your MCAT registration for any reason, you can log into the MCAT Scheduling and Registration System to make the necessary adjustments to your testing experience.

Living Will Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Living Will - Essay Example Life preserving technologies have shifted the dynamics of the perceived role of health professionals as they are now increasingly being viewed as persons most suited to care for the patients sustaining prolonged diseases. Those patients who suffer from diseases which virtually force them to live terminally ill lives may require assistance in the form of help to end their lives to end the suffering and pain inflicted on them through different diseases. In such cases patients may be willing to end their lives mostly with the help of their physicians. (Sunstein, 1997). The case of Terri Schiavo is one such example which raised a lot of ethical as well as professional questions regarding the supposed role of health professionals in providing assistance to end their lives. The above mentioned situation have also gave rise to the discussion of whether the patients, who are lucid as well as competent, to decide whether to accept or decline life sustaining treatments. These discussions has also lead to the culmination of Patient Self Determination Act during 1990 which made mandatory for hospitals and nursing homes to inform their patients, in advance, regarding the type of treatment they may receive and if patients are unaware of such things, they must be informed regarding the advance directives.(Bernal,2008) This legislation also gave rise to the concept of living will which allowed patients of lucid and competent mind to decide upon the type of life prolonging treatments to be administrated to them thus ethically upholding the patient autonomy. (Valente, 2004). As discussed above that patients with terminal illness often seek the help of their physicians to end their lives gives rise to another dimension to the whole argument that whether other health professionals especially nurses should also have a role in assisting patients to write their living will in order to decide upon choosing the life prolonging treatments. Authorization to Nurses The argument of whether to allow nurses to assist patients in writing their will to accept or reject certain life prolonging treatments need to be viewed in multiple perspectives of ethical, legal as well as professional standards. It is often argued that ending one' life either through a living will or otherwise gives rise to the question of the moral beliefs held by the society (McMahan, 1993). This question alone put a certain ethical restrictions on the more responsible institutions not to be a part of something which has strong moral as well as ethical consequences. Though, living will may be a legal document which spells out "the types of medical treatments and life-sustaining measures you do and don't want" (Mayo , 2007) however, it does not necessarily means that hospitals and other health service providers deliberately attempt to assist patients to write their will to live let alone allowing nurses to be part of that. Though the assistance of nurses may be of technical nature however, given the low level of

Tough Love Parenting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tough Love Parenting - Research Paper Example Tough parenting refers to the act of being aggressive and stern in acting towards behavioral problems with an aim of assisting children to be good people. Although the actions towards bad behavior may seem like an act of cruelty to the child, it is aimed at making the child realize the need to change a given behavioral attitude in preparation to be good people in the future. For example, a parent may decide to withhold all entertainment opportunities to a child until school grades are improved. In extreme cases, a parent may decide to withhold all the financial support to a drug-addicted child until the child sees the need to go to a rehabilitation or correctional facility. According to Zodkevitch, tough love parenting is indeed important and necessary. Zodkevitch argues, â€Å"Tough love action steps a take parents from chaos to functionality, but tough love requires a change from whish-washy parenting to parenting with purpose on a daily basis (Zodkevitch 102). This presents a ver y interesting point of argument. What is the exact cause of behavioral problems to children? Is it poor parenting or a more complex problem that lies within the family and the society? its seems logical to claim that if the problem stems from poor family or societal set up, then tough love parenting may not work at all since it does not address the specific problem. On the other hand, the children may be experiencing behavioral problems due to poor parenting. When the same parents exercise tough love, then the problem escalates rather than solving the issue. A research conducted by Demos based on parenting behavior found that â€Å"high levels of parental warmth and attachment until the age of 10, combined with strict discipline by the time they are 16, play a powerful role in reducing the likelihood that a child would go on to be a binge drinker† (Doward web). This raises a question on what is the best time to implement tough love parental approach. This is because there is still a possibility that the child may develop behavioral problems even at early age. Conversely, it is possible for a child to grow maturely without behavioral problems even without tough parental love. However, the research findings by Demos can be taken as a precursor to the most appropriate period to initiate or stop tough parental love. Based on these findings, it can be argued that continued tough parental love beyond the age of 16 may not work since other factors come into play. For instance, teens over the age of 16 may no longer see the need to be supported by the parents. However, Heineman and Pieper have a very different and perhaps a counter approach to the issue of parenting. They advocate for â€Å"smart parenting† as opposed to tough love parenting. They claim â€Å"you can enjoy a relationship that’s based on mutual respect. You don’t have to get tough-you can get smart† (Heineman and Pieper 2). However, this raises the question of what co nstitutes smart parenting. The two extremes may not work at all situations but it seems more logical to assume that any methodology would apply depending on the particular situation. Therefore, tough love finds profound use when cases of indiscipline have gone overboard. However, on a normal situation, smart parenting should surely prevail. The degree of behavioral problem that may warrant tough love

Planet Star 61 Virginis and The Origin of Life Assignment

Planet Star 61 Virginis and The Origin of Life - Assignment Example In fact, more studies are pursued nowadays by scientists aiming toâ€Å" create fully self-replicating artificial organisms in the laboratory† ( p.54). Indeed studying about how life evolved is exciting; however, a question remains: Is there life on another planet? The planet I am referring to is Star 61 Virginis, one of the extra solar planets added to the solar system a few years ago ( Laughlin, 2009). Having made further research about the planet revealed very interesting facts, namely: 1. It is visible to the naked eye on a clear summer sky – appears as yellow orange star; 2. It is too far from our solar system – 27.8 light years away; 3. It lies on a planetary system made up of ice like bodies yet it is very hot; The planet had only been discovered lately which presents a lot of speculations from people, especially college students. Although science facts are valid, this does not mean that they are unchanging. Take the case of Pluto which was taught as a pla net but later discredited much to the surprise of many people. The planet Star 61 Virginis has different characteristics including high temperatures that could not sustain life forms (de Mello et al., 308). However, this argument goes challenged because the origin of life tells us that in even extreme conditions, life was created. This topic got me so interested that I prepared a questionnaire to survey the opinion of some college students about possible life in star 61 virginis. First, I created a poster that invited students to participate in the survey. To attract participants, I gave an incentive – free movie tickets so the students would seriously answer my survey. There is also a special prize for a student who can answer the question: What kind of life forms can exist in this planet? The survey contained only ten questions because too many questions can be tiring for some students. Here are the questions that I created: 1. Do you think aliens exist? 2. Would you like t o communicate with aliens? 3. What part of their existence would you want to know? 4. Do aliens scare you ? Why? 5. Do you think aliens could live in a very hot environment? 6. If aliens are allowed to co-exist with us, are you in favor of that idea? 7. Do you suspect someone as an alien? 8. Do you think aliens existed in our planet a long time ago? 9. Can alien life be created? 10. How are aliens created? There were fifty respondents to the survey which is amazing because I never thought students would take aliens seriously. There were funny answers stating that their parents or teachers are real aliens. However, the most important result of the study showed that eighty-percent of respondents believed that aliens existed a long time ago. They think that the origin of life theory is not only applicable to terrestrial matters but to aliens as well. Around ninety-percent of the students also supported the idea that aliens can exist in very hot environment. In fact, there were so many speculations presented by the answers like: 1. Aliens can live in hot environments because they are not humans, their bodies can be made up of special matter; 2. Aliens were formed similar to the concept of primordial soup , as their planets evolved, they began to form; 3. Aliens can adapt to their environment thus they exist; I really find these answers interesting so maybe I can have group discussions about these topics and have the other students

Differences Between Hindu And Mormon Marriages Religion Essay

Differences Between Hindu And Mormon Marriages Religion Essay Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, also known as LDS or Mormons, have different customs and beliefs regarding marriage, compared to members of the Hinduism faith. Three significant differences of marriage within the Hindu and Mormon faiths include: how the bride and groom meet before marriage, the wedding ceremony, and the eternal perspective of their marriage. Let me review these three significant differences in more detail. Although 90% of Hindus and 83% of Mormons marry within their own faith in the US, there is a significant difference in how they are paired up in general (Haniffa, p. 1). Finding a spouse to marry is the first difference between the Hindu and Mormon faith. In an LDS relationship, the couple usually goes through a courting process. The individual is free to choose their own partner according to their own interests. LDS singles will date and court many different members before settling down with the person whom they will often refer to as their eternal companion. When they agree to be married, they are then considered engaged. In contrast, Hindus believe that there are eight different types of marriage arrangements. These are found under the laws of Manu. The Laws of Manu describe an ideal code of behavior for Hindus. (Matthews 77) The eight types of marriage are: the rite of Brahmana (Brahma), that of the gods (Daiva), that of the Rishis (Arsha), that of Prajapati (Prajapatya), that of the Asuras (Asura), that of the Gandharvas (Gandharva), that of the Rakshasas (Rakshasa), and that of the Pisakas (Paisaka). (Manusmrti (Laws of Manu) Matthews, p. 21) Of these eight types of marriage, not all of them have religious procedures and the last four are condemned, such as the Pisakas (Paisaka). The Pisakas is defined below. When a man by stealth seduces a girl who is sleeping, intoxicated, or disordered in intellect, that is the eighth, the most base and sinful rite of the Pisakas. (From Manusmrti (Laws of Manu) Chapter III #31) Although arranged marriage is on the decline, it is still, by far, the most common form of marriage in the Hindu Religion. One website reported that in India 95% of marriages were arranged (Gibson, p. 1). Arranged marriage generally takes place when the parents of the bride and groom find a match for their son or daughter. Some considerations such as education, wealth, horoscope, and caste help the parents better choose a spouse for their son or daughter. Once the elders and family agree upon likely compatibility of the couple, they are engaged to be married, sometimes without having ever even met. Second, there are differences between the marriage ceremony of a Mormon and the marriage of a Hindu. Although a Mormon can be married legally in a court of law, the most honorable, preferred, and sought after way of marriage is being sealed or married in a LDS Temple. The Holy Temple is a sacred building where sacred and confidential ordinances are performed. Those who enter the temple agree to keep these procedures and ordinances sacred and confidential. When the couple enters the temple, they change into all white clothes and are prepared for the sealing ordinance of marriage. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints does not give permission to disclose these ordinances. The Church counsels: We do not quote the words of the sealing ordinance outside of the temple, but we may describe the sealing room as being beautiful in its appointment, quiet and serene in spirit, and hallowed by the sacred work that is performed there. (Preparing to Enter the Holy Temple) Not everyone is permitted to enter an LDS temple. Only those who have been found worthy can enter. In some cases, one or both parents may not be allowed to enter the temple as they have not been found worthy. It is recommended that only family and very close friends to the bride and groom are allowed to attend. Wedding groups should be small, comprising only the members of the two families and some few who are very close to the couple. A wedding reception is to provide a time for greeting the friends and the well-wishers. (Preparing to Enter the Holy Temple) Within the Hindu faith, however, the whole family is involved, and it is a celebration that can last for hours or days. A Hindu wedding is officiated under a mandap, by a Hindu Priest. Anyone who the family wants to attend is welcome. The ceremony phases, rituals, and words are not confidential. They have deep meaning and symbolism for all to witness. The main colors of the brides dress are primarily red and gold. The ceremony can vary from region to region depending where one lives. One of the ceremonial rituals for the marriage includes a fire. The Pratigna-Karan is a part of the ceremony where bride and groom circle a fire, bride leading, and make commitments of loyalty, love, and fidelity. Last, the difference between Hindu marriage and Mormon marriage is their eternal perspective to the marriage. Although the temple wedding ordinance is not disclosed by the LDS church, the principle and covenant behind the ordinance is. A covenant is an agreement between mankind and God. The temple covenant includes the couples promise to remain faithful to each other; in return the Lord promises that they will be sealed (married) together for life and all eternity. LDS members believe that through a temple sealing, they can enjoy each others companionship through this life and all eternity. When they pass away, their spirits are still bound by these sacred covenants and their spirits rest together in a spiritual paradise until the resurrection. When the resurrection occurs, their spirits are once again reunited with perfect physical bodies. It is only through marriage in the temple that one is able to dwell with the Lord in the highest degree of his kingdom. Although marriage is held sacred in the second phase of a Hindus life, it does not promise eternal life with their spouse and the Lord. When a Hindu couple joins in the union of marriage, they make commitments to each other, with God as their witness, but do not make a covenant with God. There are seven general vows that are made during a Hindu wedding. The last one is as follows: When the bride and the groom take the seventh and the last vow, they promise that they will be true and loyal to each other and will remain companions and best of friends for their lifetime. (Seven Vows of Marriage) When they die, they are no longer bound to one another and the cycle of Karma and re-incarnation begin again. This cycle of birth, life, death, and re-birth do not agree with the Mormon beliefs of birth, death, judgment and exaltation. In conclusion, Mormons have different customs and beliefs regarding marriage compared to members of the Hinduism faith. While they both believe that marriage is a sacred part of this life, many more differences exist. Many Hindus believe in arranged marriages, while Mormons believe in personally dating and courting several possible spouses before getting engaged. The actual wedding ceremonies of Hindu and Mormon religions have drastic contrast. Hindus are married under outdoor mantraps, openly, and with friends and family present. Their wedding can last for days. In contrast, Mormons are married in temples with only a few worthy family and friends present. Their wedding ceremony only lasts about 20 minutes. Possibly the biggest contrast of Mormon and Hindu marriages is their eternal perspective. Hindus believe that their marriage will dissolve after one partner dies, and then be reincarnated to a different body and life. Mormons, however, believe that their spouse will be their etern al companion. They believe that the only way to enter into the highest degree of heaven is through a temple marriage with a worthy partner. What would you prefer, spending eternity with one partner or returning time and again, each a new experience?