Resume Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Resume - Essay Example My ardent interests in the academics and commitment towards the wider ramifications of good educations have always encouraged me to put my best in all areas of academia. The turning point had come when I immigrated to America in 2004 for advance studies and came to live with my grandfather who was residing in New York. He had always been a role model for me and he had been a strong pillar of support for me and my family during the turbulent political times when USSR was on the verge of breakup. His inimitable spirit and courage during his fight against cancer, became my inspiration for doing something constructive in this area. This has become a mission of my life and I know that someday, I would be able to contribute something positive which would help alleviate the sufferings of the cancer patients. I am hopeful that my admission into the research study would facilitate towards opportunities that would help me realize my long term objective of becoming a worthy scientist who would help the society at large through his research efforts to conquer cancer which is increasingly becoming more

Provide a critical overview of the debates on Fordism and Post Essay

Provide a critical overview of the debates on Fordism and Post -Fordism - Essay Example The post-Fordism philosophy suggests that an evolution of manufacturing towards a more flexible manufacturing process that is designed towards accommodating the information and technological age. However, not all theorists agree that this is actually a post-Fordism concept. The idea of post-Fordism is misleading, suggestive that Fordism has been abandoned or that the current philosophies are opposing. This is not true. Fordism still exists in manufacturing and the new philosophies are in line with an evolution of the originating concepts, society being created through the ways in which the worker sees his position in the world as reflected by his position within the work force. Henry Ford Henry Ford developed the design for the Model T automobile, but it was the philosophies of industrial management that he implemented that revolutionized industry. Ford was born in 1863 near Detroit, Michigan in the United States to a Father from Ireland and a mother who was born in Michigan of Belgi um parentage. Ford was a chief engineer with the Edison Illumination Company, but spent his extra time and money working on the gasoline engine. Ford designed the Model T and created a manufacturing company in order to make the auto for the public (Ford and Crowther 2006). The Model T was introduced to the public in 1908, the price on the automobile at 875 American dollars. This was a relatively low price in regard to the cost of living at the time and was intended to be affordable for the average American. Eventually, the base price on the auto dropped to around 370 dollars, a price that was more than affordable and created an empire for Henry Ford. It was not until 1927 that other models of automobiles were made at Ford. In the meantime, Ford implemented revolutionary practices that set the course for a new way of thinking about labour and wage. Industrial Sociology Welfare capitalism is found when an employer takes on the responsibility of the employee and offers welfare like ser vices. This type of employee-employer relationship provides for benefits that are beyond the wage. This can include health care, housing subsidies, and education. Ford adapted a management style that promoted loyalty throughout his organization. After experiencing a high turnover of employees, he decided to offer his workers five dollars a day plus pay medical expenses, create pensions, and provide recreational facilities in order to build employee loyalty (Jacoby 1991, p. 94). The business philosophy that was at work was in creating an atmosphere of stakeholder interest. Ford hoped that by paying the employees more and by caring for their needs, they would look at the workings of the machinery as part of their own success (Jacoby 1991, p. 94). Ford created a work culture on the floor, the employees depending on the increased pay and benefits and therefore all focused on creating the best product possible. The assembly line had taken much of the craft out of work, but the inspiratio n of stakeholder interest was intended to put that spirit of accomplishment back into the worker. The use of this type of incentive created the work culture, a society that was contained and required passing through the employment process to become a part of the group. The lines outside the plant toward the employment office were so crowded that there were days that they used a

History courswork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

History courswork - Essay Example Rivera’s economic policies to fund public works and industrialization were unpopular and, losing army support, he resigned in 1930. The Spanish voted by a large majority for a Republic and Alfonso went into exile in 1931. In the following general election, the Left Wing parties, led by the Socialists, won a definite majority. Manuel Azana became President and introduced agrarian reforms, advocated the autonomy of Catalonia and the Basque region, deprived the powerful Roman Catholic Church of its’ privileges, nationalized many of the large Spanish Estates and attempted to reduce the military’s hold over the country. By these measures, the Republican Government alienated four powerful groups: the landowners, the church, the military and the industrialists. After a failed military coup in 1932, these groups formed a new right wing political party called the CEDA. Agitations by the extreme left against the moderate Azana Government led to the call for General Electio ns in November 1933, in which the Right Wing won a majority and CEDA formed the government under Gil Robles. The Right undermined the previous reforms, again leading to violent strikes by the opposition. General Elections were again called in February 1936 and a coalition of Left political parties came to power as the Popular Front, with Azana again the President. Infighting among the constituents of the Front seriously undermined the authority of the government. The governments’ economic policies brought about a crisis and the workers went on strike. The Right Wing groups, which had formed a coalition called the National Front, started a military coup on 19 July, 1936 led by military officers like Francisco Franco. Franco led a successful revolt in Spanish Morocco and the Spanish Civil War began. The Republican and Nationalist armies were more or less on par, but the equation changed with the start of International intervention. Germany took the first step with the dispatch of military

The relationship between unequal democracy and uneasy alliances Essay

The relationship between unequal democracy and uneasy alliances - Essay Example Scholars argue that politicians respond to the needs of all voters because of their desire to win elections. Paul contradicts this view by expounding on the economic gap that politicians create among Americans based on racial and political affiliation. He further explains that American politicians spend a great deal of resources and time on the majority who are white voters, at the expense of the minority black voters. The theory intimates that the two-party system in United States is responsible for the current state of affairs. Frymer argues that the establishment of the current party system distances the American minorities’ concerns from political agendas (Frymer 26). The system continues to limit opportunities for black Americans politically. Several American presidents facilitate this political isolation by distancing themselves from the needs of the African Americans. In addition, the Republican Party, which dominates most of the white populace, concentrates on the need s of the white voters. Frymer compares the black voters’ position in the American politics with that of minority social groups such as lesbians, gays and Christian right. According to Frymer, uneasy alliances are powerful challenges on how Americans view the relationship between democracy, black voters and political parties. The theory compares the impact of various political parties on the livelihoods of the black voters. It reveals that the Democratic Party establishes a close relationship with the African-American voters while the Republican Party relates well with the white voters.

Management Problem in Health Care Essay Example for Free

Management Problem in Health Care Essay Management Problem in Health Care Worldwide health care organizations are faced with problems everyday. Motivation is one of the many management problems in health care organizations today. Health care organizations are always working together to come up with ideas and strategies to make their organizations more successful and better for everyone to work in as well. Problem solving is an on going process in health care organizations, which have been bringing positive results for everyone working in the health care organizations. Motivation is a state of feeling or thinking in which one is energized or aroused to perform a task or engage in a particular behavior. This definition focuses on motivation as an emotional or cognitive state that is independent of action. This focus clearly distinguishes motivation from the performance of a task and its consequences. Notice, too, that motivation can be a state of either feeling or thinking, or a combination of the two. For some individuals, motivation is more a matter of feeling than thinking, while, for others, the reverse is true (Shortell Kaluzny, 2006). Motivating the people who are working under management can be a difficult task at times. Everyone is unique, none of us are the exact same and each person needs something different to become motivated and that is where the challenge comes in for the managers, finding the right motivator for the right employee. Knowing and caring about the employees needs, will help managers know what type of rewards to offer as a way to motivate their employees. Management Problem 3 The success of any organization, especially health care organizations solely depends on the skills of managers and how they present the work environment for their employees. When employees are motivated they tend to be more satisfied with their jobs and will stay with the organization much longer as a result of their satisfaction. According to a recent survey from the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society offers some ideas on how to keep them happy. First, pay a decent salary, that came through loud and clear in the survey, says Linda Hodges, executive vice president of search firm Hersher Associates, which conducted the survey with HIMSS. Salary was identified by the surveys 361 respondents as one of the main factors they use to evaluate job satisfaction or a job offer. Forty percent of those surveyed said they dont believe they are paid market value (Greene, 2002). According to Lynn, if your program examination indicates that you have done everything right but the results were not there, it is time to talk with people one-on-one. Ask each employee why the program did not have the impact you were looking for. They may have been trying as hard as they could, but only delivering a marginal performance. It is possible they are battling obstacles you cannot see. To find out what is getting in their way, ask them how you can help them improve (Lynn, 2001). Asking these questions are important when it comes to keeping your employees involved in everything, always getting their opinions on how they think it should be done and work together as a team to come up with the best solutions. This is what a good manager is made of, including his employees in everything that has to do with the job. Management Problem 4 Maslows theory was unique because he believed that each person had five needs and each need had to be met before they could go on to the next need. As the process went on, each old need lost motivational value as the new need was met. According to Shortell and Kaluzny, Maslows hierarchy of needs assumes there are five need levels that must be satisfied sequentially. 1. The physiological needs, these needs include things like air, water, food, warmth, shelter, and sex, the basic survival needs. 2. The security needs include a secure physical and emotional environment, examples include the need to be free from worry about money and job security. 3. Belongingness needs involve social processes, they include the need for love and affection and the need to be accepted by ones peers. 4. Esteem needs are actually composed of two different set of needs: the need for a positive self-image or self-respect and the need for recognition and respect from others. 5. Self-actualization needs, at the top of the hierarchy, involve realizing ones potential for continued growth and individual development (Shortell ; Kaluzny, 2006). Although, Maslows hierarchy of needs theory seems too simple for the human body, which is very complex, this is the perfect theory of motivation for us. This theory touches every aspect of our lives and how one feels about themselves and their surroundings. People who are in management positions will be wise to use this theory when it comes to motivating their employees, in any industry health care or otherwise. It does not matter which theory you think may be best to follow, interesting work and employee pay are the two biggest motivators. Management Problem 5 After identifying the motivation problems with the employees, managers need to start right away working on a plan to overcome these problems. They can start with talking with each individual employee and ask them questions. Making the employees feel like they have a part in finding the solution is a big part in motivation too. Everyone needs to feel like they are helping in some way or another. In conclusion, even though motivating your employees is a difficult task, it must be done in order to keep them happy and to keep things running smoothly. Keeping your employees happy can only bring success to their organization. The employees will love doing their jobs and they will do them well, they will come to work everyday and this will result in a cost effective organization, because the turnover rates will be less in each organization and the organizations will not have to worry about training new employees.

Fault In Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

Fault In Romeo and Juliet Essay In William Shakespeares play, Romeo and Juliet, one of the main characters, Juliet, commits suicide near the end of the play. Friar Lawrence is directly responsible for the death of Juliet in all ways. He makes not only one, but three mistakes that all lead to Juliets death. He gave a poison to Juliet, he trusted someone else with a letter of great significance to deliver to Romeo, and he fled when Juliet was in the most danger at the tomb. Had he not have made these three major terrible mistakes, Juliet might not have killed herself. Friar Lawrence made a major mistake that he could have avoided himself. He trusted Juliet, an unstable teenage girl, with a fake-death poison. This rash decision was a very poor choice on the friars behalf. Here, the friar shows his irresponsibility by saying, If thou hast the strength of will to slay thyself take thou this vial no warmth, no breath shall testify thou livest; (4.1.72, 93, 98) Friar Lawrences idea for Juliet is very risky and he should have known better than to try it. Because of what happens, everyone thinks Juliet is dead and shortly thereafter, she is buried alive. This quote shows the true meaning of responsibility, because when he says this, her life rests in his hands. Capulet is even foiled by the plan, because when he says her faking her death, he said, Death lies on her like an untimely frost. (4.5.28) The fake death has fooled Capulet, Juliets father, and the rest of the family. Had Friar Lawrence not have given Juliet the poison, she would have never been put in the position that she was in, which eventually leads to her death. Trusting Friar John to send the letter, and not even telling him that the letter was urgent, was Friar Lawrences next big mistake. The mistake of him sending someone else to do it was inexcusable; a matter as important as faking death should be dealt with personally. Had Friar Lawrence have personally delivered the letter, the plan might have gone smoothly. Friar John shows his incompetence in the fifth act when he says I could not send it here it is again - (5.2.14). Showing Friar Lawrences poor decision making again, this quote perfectly shows how Friar Lawrence is responsible for Juliets death by choosing to send the letter instead of delivering it. At that, he should not have trusted someone as mediocre as Friar John. The letter was not nice but full of charge, of dear import, and the neglecting it may do much danger. (5.2.18-20) Friar Lawrence trusted a complete buffoon at the most crucial of times and the price was paid for the actions of both friars. Consequently, Juliet dies because Friar Lawrence did not think through that something might arise and a situation this urgent must be dealt with personally. Friar Lawrence could have easily avoided the situation. Cowardice, plain and simple, was also another reason why Friar Lawrence was responsible for Juliets death. He runs away when Juliet needs him the most, and in leaving her alone, she kills herself. In the tomb scene, Friar Lawrence attempts to help Juliet before running away. (Friar Lawrence): Stay not to question, for the Watch is coming. Come go, good Juliet, I dare no longer stay. (Juliet): Go get thee hence, for I will not away. Friar Lawrence puts himself before Juliet, and worries about getting caught by the watch. He leaves Juliet when she needs him most. Friar Lawrence shows here that he really does not care about Juliet, and that he is very self-centered. He leaves her to kill herself, even though it is entirely his fault that she is even in that situation. Had the friar not have left the tomb, then Juliet might not have had the opportunity to kill herself, as you can see she does in the following quote. Yea, noise? Then Ill be brief. O happy dagger, [taking Romeos dagger.] this is thy sheath; [stabs herself.] (5.3.169) Juliet says these final words before killing herself. We see here what results directly from Friar Lawrence leaving the scene when he should have stayed. Had he stayed, he could have at least attempted to wrench the dagger from her hand, or comforted her until she let go of the knife. Instead of staying to help he chose to run away from the watchmen for his own safety, and because of this final, terrible choice, Juliet ends up dead. Friar Lawrence makes many bad choices throughout the play; choices that are inexcusable. When he made such terrible choices, he inevitably doomed Juliet to her death. His irresponsible choices, trusting Juliet with poison, giving the letter to Friar John, and running away at the tomb, were awful choices. He consistently shows that he is an awful decision maker, and he is entirely responsible for Juliets death. One could even say he is more responsible for the death than Juliet herself.

Database Design of Healthcare Management System

Database Design of Healthcare Management System CHAPTER THREE SYTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 3.0 INTRODUCTION Hospital and healthcare services in general are round-the-neck communities with scores of staff, patients and systems that need constant monitoring and integration with each other. They are demanding places where situations change suddenly and rapid responses are essential. For this reason a fully integrated communications strategy and system is vital to maintain high levels of service and care for patients for mutual gains. In this chapter, discussion would be based on the existing system. First, the existing system would be compared with proposed system. Secondly, the weakness and drawbacks of the existing system shall also be discussed 3.1 INVESTIGATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM The current procedure of accessing healthcare is running on paper operating in â€Å"batch modes distributed medical data is less than l00% accurate and will in turn limit the accuracy in the medical symptom, diagnosis and treatment in emergency cases within the health sector. Poor information storage or the complete lack of it in some cases. Poor collaborative forecasting methods leading to slow order turnaround treatment for patients in dire need of these services Poor management decision in critical rescue period. When doctors needs any records the admin/nurse fetches patients file details in know what kind of problem they are complaining about The current system does not give room for proper accounting, planning, management of resources you cannot even integrate it with the current accounting system No existing or current reports module to help management for proper planning, decision taken, for future plans of the hospital FIG. 3.0 The data flow diagram for the current system 3.2 CRITIQUES OF EXISTING SYSTEM The drawbacks of the existing system are: Inability to have accurate inventory status report It is cumbersome and time-consuming to track patients The general lack of ability to generate instance patients medical history reports on all will affect doctors performance and treatment rate Lack of proper handling of medical records Too much paper materials involved and this results into unnecessary costs Insecurity of Records Workers safety is not guarantee 3.2.1FEW ADVANTAGES OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM The existing current system has the following advantages: It is easier for everyone to use specially people that are not computer literate It is cheaper for hospitals because there will be no need to procure computer hardware and software for Asset Management 3.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM The proposed system will take advantage of information technology tools and capabilities to enhance and automate medical information management for all staff and patients alike. The proposed system will improve system functionalities and bring new capabilities to hospital information management controls 3.4 BUSINESS REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROPOSED SYSTEM This section outlines the general and functional features mandatory for the applications proposed. Functional Module Requirements; Each hospital observed operates the following high level processes and the system must cater for the following: 3.4.0FAMILY MEDICINE This is a modules designed to keep every record relating to patients. This module contains two features which include: (i) Find a patient record; the patient record is a form which contains every information about: the patient the patient next of kin information service payment option, and employment information (ii) New patient registration; It creates an avenue to enable the record, the treatment given, the clinic been referred to, the mode of payment, etc to be properly stored and retrieved. 3.4.1HUMAN RESOURCES This is a list that contain the names of the personnel (user name) assigned to operate a specific module. The human resources are of two folds namely; Personnel manager; It is a list that contains the details about the management Staff of various departments. Recruit new personnel; this is a form that ensures that newly recruited personnel information is been stored. 3.4.2SCHEDULE The schedule describes the appointment directory. It shows all appointment schedules between calendar months. Admission Centres; These environment comprise of Waiting list Ward, Ward occupancy and bed Nurses list Report and history Waiting List; It shows the list of patients to be admitted to various wards. Nurses List; It is a list that shows the details of the nurses staff and their department. Report and History; It is a list that shows all discharged patients in a particular ward. 3.4.3PHARMACY Pharmacy is a module that contains two major features namely: pharmaceutical centre and stocks management. The pharmaceutical centre has two folds namely: pending orders and pharmaceutical index. While the stock management has eight folds namely: warehouse stocks, stock diary, category management, products management, stocks movement, patients’ order history, stock movement history and diary history. Pending Order; These gives room for the user to view/access the pending orders. Pharmaceutical Index; This enables the user view all pharmacy stock items. To find a stock, entre the barcode and click on find. Ware House Stock; This is an integral part of the stock management designed to view all current warehouse stock. To find a stock: Entre the barcode and click on find. Stock Diary: This is a function of stock management designed to enter the new stock diary. To enter the new stock diary: 3.4.4SPECIALTY CLINIC This is a module that gives information about the various clinics and the patients been referred there. This is of two folds; Pending referred patients, and Find a patient 3.4.5TOOLS AND ENQUIRIES Tools and enquiry is a module that ensures an access to view service fees, telephone directory, and current admitted patients. Service Fees Environment: view service fees environment enables you to view all configure service fees which include service name, amount, department, allow HMO. Telephone Directories: Telephone directories are an environment which enables you to view all phone directories both previous and next record. Current Admitted Patients; The environment enables you to have an access to currently admitted patients details both previous and next record. 3.4.6ACCOUNT AND FINANCE This is a module design to enable one keep and retrieve all information relating to account and finance. This module has six basic features which include: Pending receivables, expenditures, daily cash book, bank account, service fees, reports Pending Receivables; This is an environment that enables you to have an access to pending service fee payments. An environment will be displayed in which the menu bar at the left hand side of the page headed account/ financial mode contains six departments namely: pending receivables, expenditure, daily cashbook, bank accounts, services fees and reports. This enables a user to view and receive pending service payment. Expenditure; It enables users to record new expenditure. Daily Cash Book; It enables user to post cashbook for all department. Bank Account; It enable user to manage bank account. It shows all banks and balance details. It also creates a room for the addition of a new bank account. Service Fees; It enables user to view all service fees/charges Report; It enable user to view financial reports such as the receivable reports, expenses reports and cashbook reports between calendar months. 3.4.7SYSTEM This is an environment designed to enable an individual have access to: system usage logs, user’s rights access control, backup HMS database. System Usage Logs; This is an integral part of system which shows the various event date, event performed, user IP address, event time and department accessed. Users Rights And Access Control; This is an environment designed to show all system users account. Category Management; This enables the user to manage stock category. Product Management; This enables the stock details to be managed. Stock Movement; This aid in the movement of stock from ware house to store, this operation is performed simply by filling in the blank spaces provided and clicking on perform movement. Stock Movement History; This helps to view all stock movement history. it shows stock / item name, batch ID, units moved, the date and notes. Dairy History; This helps to view all stock dairy history. My Account Information; This is a menu bar located at the left hand side and it is accessible in every module. It comprises of: waiting list appointment, my usage / access logs, personal data, change password, and log out from HMS. My Waiting List/ Appointment; this is a waiting list designed to view all appointments and schedules. My Usage/ Access Logs; this enables one to view all system usage history. Click on usage / access logs at the left hand side of the menu bar to view all system usage history. At the top right hand corner is next and previous, click on the next and previous to view the next and previous system usage history. This enables the system administrator to have an overview of the various event date, the event performer, event performed, the user IP address, the event time and the department accessed. 3.4.8PERSONAL DATA This enables an individual to view and update his personal information such as: Name, DoB/Age, Gender, Hospital/Clinic Registration Number, Occupation, Addresses, Telephone Number, Stage of Origin, Religion, Next of Kin information and Date. Patient Bio Data; A form which contains the information of the patient, next of kin information, and employment information will be displayed. Medical Record; As the name implies, it deals with the patient’s medical history. 3.5START-OFF THE PROJECT The project implantation will be done using: Dreamweaver Software PHP Programming language Java script MySQL Database server XAMP server Microsoft Window 7 OS 3.6 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM It will help management to better monitor patients registration in the system Periodic accident and injury analysis can now be carried out Patients health history can now be monitored Very fast and accurate therefore reduce administrative overheads Maximize customer value and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage Eliminate obsolete business processes Speed up hospital production and responsiveness to incidents It will facilitates treatment of patients as patients history can now easily be retrieved from the system Because it is web based patients last update medical information csn be retrieved even if the patient goes to another hospital. It will give the doctors options of referring patients to other doctors completely automated It will allow hospital Management can plan better and make accurate and informed decisions 3.7 DISADVANTAGE OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM It will lead to unemployment Its only good for those that are computer literates, Nurses and doctors may not be familiar with the technology It may cost more money and infrastructure investment on the part of management Nurses and doctors are unfamiliarity with technology Hackers may ultimately be able to penetrate system despite security precautions System can be attacked by computer viruses Power failure 3.8 SYSTEM DESIGN Overview of the System; Information/system requirement gathered during the time of carrying out the functional specià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cation requirement and network requirements identified during the initiation and planning phases was put into good use during the design of the application. This project is planned at developing a web-enabled Healthcare information management system (HIMS). 3.8.0FACT FIDING AND REQUIREMENT DISCOVERY This chapter actually presents the method0logy that was used in this study. The methodology chosen followed the already tested and commonly used approach in software engineering and software development life cycle. Actually three key areas were used to get requirement for the Patients medical information system project. The first method was that a review of internet materials related to patient were carried out, I also tried to review specific platform of related design project to ascertain the specific language/platform to use for development of the application. The second most logical direct gathering of information from the hospital visited and used in the study (University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH)). It must be quickly pointed out that the tools used in this case were interviewing of staff, observations of passive ways of these things and simulations of different scenarios. The third method of the requirement gathering was by studying the existing applications presently used and we were then able to understand what is lacking in the present system, what needed to be done and we were then after able to fix a time frame (SCOPE) for the project 3.8.1SYSTEM REQUIREMENT MODELLING An object oriented programming was used for the design of the application. In view of this, and in view of the fact that I intend to design an application that will be user friendly and easily accessible. I feel a web enabled application will be more appropriate since we are not talking of a windows application that will just be installed on a client machine in the office. We therefore focused on planning, which included defining our target audience, purpose, objective, application usage, population and finally application development. The look and feel of the application were considered, navigation browser type validations tools were all analyzed and most importantly client/server architecture was also considered. 3.9APPLICATION ARCHITETURE AND MODEILING Developing a web application requires locus and determined effort on the part of the practitioner in meeting people needs The decision for accomplishing this was based on components based model with a linear approach to application development Specification and decisions objective were into account for example issues like meeting the applications purpose and aim and functionalities. The steps used here acted as an overall development methodology and life cycle which were also dependent upon available tools, time line, and user willingness to be involved in the final testing of the system. Implicit in the methodology adapted was the concept of bringing the Patients medical information system refining the application/system based on user feedback 3.10 DESIGNS INPUT The registration form be was designed as such that it will include all information required about the patients. The following is incorporated into the form: Important fields These are fields that must be filled because they are necessary information need. Return dialog box- This is used to guide against the input of wrong data or format in some fields especially the compulsory fields. A sample of patient record been patient record interface is shown below 3.11FLOW CHAT DIAGRAM OF HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 3.12DATABASE DESIGN OF THE HEATLHCARE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 3.12.0 ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP MODEL Entity Relationship Diagram: A representation of data Entity-relationship modeling is a database modeling method, used to produce a type of conceptual schema of a system, often a relational relationship, and its requirements in a top down fashion Diagrams created by this process are called entity-relationship diagrams, ER diagrams or ERDs. Also it can also be defined as a specialized graphic that illustrates the interrelationships between entities in a database ER diagrams often use symbols to represent three different types of information. Boxes re commonly used to represent entities. Diamonds are normally used to represent relationships and ovals are used to represent attributes. 3.12.1OVERVIEW According to CHEN (Wikipedia), information system design uses these models during the requirements analysis to describe information needs or the type of information that is to be tored in a database. The data modeling technique can be used to describe any ontology (i.e. an overview and classifications of used terms and their relationships) for a a certain area of interest. In the case of the design of an information system that is based on a database, the conceptual data model is, at a later stage (usually called logical design), mapped to a logical data model, such as the relational model; this in turn is mapped to a physical model during physical design. An entity may be a physical object such as a customer transaction or order. Although the term entity is the one most commonly used, following Chen, we should really distinguish between an entity and entity-type. An entity-type is a category. An entity, strictly speaking, is an instance of a given entity-type. There are usually many instances. 3.12.2 WHAT LEAD TO ER DIAGRAM Once the data has been created in the database the ER diagram will show the relationship between each table created they all have to link to each other. It could be one to many relationship, many to many or one to one relationship, there is always a unique field in the system and in this case it is the patients registration number identifying the patients anywhere in the system. We can retrieve the patient’s records once this registration number generated during registration is known.